A Review of Management Strategies for Nociceptive and Neuropathic Ocular Surface Pain

1.

Morone NE, Weiner DK. Pain as the fifth vital sign: exposing the vital need for pain education. Clin Ther. 2013;35(11):1728–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2013.10.001.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

2.

Kalangara JP, Galor A, Levitt RC, Covington DB, McManus KT, Sarantopoulos CD, et al. Characteristics of ocular pain complaints in patients with idiopathic dry eye symptoms. Eye Contact Lens. 2017;43(3):192–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICL.0000000000000249.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

3.

Galor A, Feuer W, Lee DJ, Florez H, Venincasa VD, Perez VL. Ocular surface parameters in older male veterans. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54(2):1426–33. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.12-10819.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

4.

Stapleton F, Alves M, Bunya VY, Jalbert I, Lekhanont K, Malet F, et al. TFOS DEWS II epidemiology report. Ocul Surf. 2017;15(3):334–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtos.2017.05.003.CrossRefPubMed

5.

IASP terminology. 2019. https://www.iasp-pain.org/Education/Content.aspx?ItemNumber=1698. Accessed January 2019.

6.

Galor A. Painful dry eye symptoms: a nerve problem or a tear problem? Ophthalmology. 2019;126(5):648–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.01.028.CrossRefPubMed

7.

Jacobs DS. Diagnosis and treatment of ocular pain: the ophthalmologist's perspective. Curr Ophthalmol Rep. 2017;5(4):271–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40135-017-0152-1.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

8.

Smith CH, Goldman RD. Topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for corneal abrasions in children. Can Fam Phys. 2012;58(7):748–9.

9.

Belmonte C, Nichols JJ, Cox SM, Brock JA, Begley CG, Bereiter DA, et al. TFOS DEWS II pain and sensation report. Ocul Surf. 2017;15(3):404–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtos.2017.05.002.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

10.

Dieckmann G, Goyal S, Hamrah P. neuropathic corneal pain: approaches for management. Ophthalmology. 2017;124(11S):S34–S47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.08.004.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

11.

Bedran EG, Pereira MV, Bernardes TF. Ectropion. Semin Ophthalmol. 2010;25(3):59–655. https://doi.org/10.3109/08820538.2010.488570.CrossRefPubMed

12.

Corredor-Osorio R, Tovilla-Pomar JL, Tovilla-Canales JL. Congenital upper eyelids ectropion in Down's syndrome. GMS Ophthalmol Cases. 2017;7:3. https://doi.org/10.3205/oc000054.CrossRef

13.

Bergstrom R, Czyz CN. Ectropion lower eyelid reconstruction. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island: StatPearls Publishing; 2020.

14.

Pereira MG, Rodrigues MA, Rodrigues SA. Eyelid entropion. Semin Ophthalmol. 2010;25(3):52–8. https://doi.org/10.3109/08820538.2010.488573.CrossRefPubMed

15.

Bergstrom R, Czyz CN. Entropion eyelid reconstruction. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island: StatPearls Publishing; 2020.

16.

Ozgur O, Kaufman EJ. Ectropion. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island: StatPearls Publishing; 2020.

17.

Frueh BR, Schoengarth LD. Evaluation and treatment of the patient with ectropion. Ophthalmology. 1982;89(9):1049–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0161-6420(82)34682-5.CrossRefPubMed

18.

Lin P, Kitaguchi Y, Mupas-Uy J, Sabundayo MS, Takahashi Y, Kakizaki H. Involutional lower eyelid entropion: causative factors and therapeutic management. Int Ophthalmol. 2019;39(8):1895–907. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-018-1004-1.CrossRefPubMed

19.

Beigi B, Kashkouli MB, Shaw A, Murthy R. Fornix fat prolapse as a sign for involutional entropion. Ophthalmology. 2008;115(9):1608–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.02.014.CrossRefPubMed

20.

Wang F, Garza LA, Kang S, Varani J, Orringer JS, Fisher GJ, et al. In vivo stimulation of de novo collagen production caused by cross-linked hyaluronic acid dermal filler injections in photodamaged human skin. Arch Dermatol. 2007;143(2):155–63. https://doi.org/10.1001/archderm.143.2.155.CrossRefPubMed

21.

Romero R, Sanchez-Orgaz M, Granados M, Arbizu A, Castano A, Romero A, et al. Use of hyaluronic acid gel in the management of cicatricial ectropion: results and complications. Orbit. 2013;32(6):362–5. https://doi.org/10.3109/01676830.2013.833250.CrossRefPubMed

22.

Fezza JP. Nonsurgical treatment of cicatricial ectropion with hyaluronic acid filler. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008;121(3):1009–144. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.prs.0000299382.31856.d8.CrossRefPubMed

23.

Clarke JR, Spalton DJ. Treatment of senile entropion with botulinum toxin. Br J Ophthalmol. 1988;72(5):361–2. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.72.5.361.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

24.

Osaki T, Osaki MH, Osaki TH. Temporary management of involutional entropion with octyl-2-cyanoacrylate liquid bandage application. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2010;73(2):120–4.CrossRef

25.

Ghafouri RH, Allard FD, Migliori ME, Freitag SK. Lower eyelid involutional ectropion repair with lateral tarsal strip and internal retractor reattachment with full-thickness eyelid sutures. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2014;30(5):424–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/IOP.0000000000000218.CrossRefPubMed

26.

Scheepers MA, Singh R, Ng J, Zuercher D, Gibson A, Bunce C, et al. A randomised controlled trial comparing everting sutures with everting sutures and a lateral tarsal strip for involutional entropion. Ophthalmology. 2010;117(2):352–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.06.056.CrossRefPubMed

27.

Wright M, Bell D, Scott C, Leatherbarrow B. Everting suture correction of lower lid involutional entropion. Br J Ophthalmol. 1999;83(9):1060–3. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.83.9.1060.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

28.

Ho SF, Pherwani A, Elsherbiny SM, Reuser T. Lateral tarsal strip and quickert sutures for lower eyelid entropion. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005;21(5):345–8.CrossRef

29.

Pereira MV, Gloria AL. Lagophthalmos. Semin Ophthalmol. 2010;25(3):72–8. https://doi.org/10.3109/08820538.2010.488578.CrossRefPubMed

30.

Oestreicher J, Mehta S. Complications of blepharoplasty: prevention and management. Plast Surg Int. 2012;2012:252368. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/252368.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

31.

Latkany RL, Lock B, Speaker M. Nocturnal lagophthalmos: an overview and classification. Ocul Surf. 2006;4(1):44–53.CrossRef

32.

Huon LK, Liu SY, Camacho M, Guilleminault C. The association between ophthalmologic diseases and obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Breath. 2016;20(4):1145–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-016-1358-4.CrossRefPubMed

33.

MacIntosh PW, Fay AM. Update on the ophthalmic management of facial paralysis. Surv Ophthalmol. 2019;64(1):79–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.survophthal.2018.06.001.CrossRefPubMed

34.

Siah WF, Nagendran S, Tan P, Ali Ahmad SM, Litwin AS, Malhotra R. Late outcomes of gold weights and platinum chains for upper eyelid loading. Br J Ophthalmol. 2018;102(2):164–8. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2016-310089.CrossRefPubMed

35.

Trivedi D, McCalla M, Squires Z, Parulekar M. Use of cyanoacrylate glue for temporary tarsorrhaphy in children. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2014;30(1):60–3. https://doi.org/10.1097/IOP.0000000000000011.CrossRefPubMed

36.

Rajak S, Rajak J, Selva D. Performing a tarsorrhaphy. Community Eye Health. 2015;28(89):10–1.PubMedPubMedCentral

37.

Segal KL, Elner SG, Elner VM. Technique and results of permanent medial tarsorrhaphy for complex eyelid malposition. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2019;35(2):197–201. https://doi.org/10.1097/IOP.0000000000001282.CrossRefPubMed

38.

Vieira AC, Hofling-Lima AL, Mannis MJ. Ocular rosacea—a review. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75(5):363–9.CrossRef

39.

Yamasaki K, Gallo RL. The molecular pathology of rosacea. J Dermatol Sci. 2009;55(2):77–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2009.04.007.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

40.

Zhao YE, Wu LP, Peng Y, Cheng H. Retrospective analysis of the association between Demodex infestation and rosacea. Arch Dermatol. 2010;146(8):896–902. https://doi.org/10.1001/archdermatol.2010.196.CrossRefPubMed

41.

Lazaridou E, Giannopoulou C, Fotiadou C, Vakirlis E, Trigoni A, Ioannides D. The potential role of microorganisms in the development of rosacea. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2011;9(1):21–5. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1610-0387.2010.07513.x.CrossRefPubMed

42.

Ghanem VC, Mehra N, Wong S, Mannis MJ. The prevalence of ocular signs in acne rosacea: comparing patients from ophthalmology and dermatology clinics. Cornea. 2003;22(3):230–3.CrossRef

43.

Browning DJ, Proia AD. Ocular rosacea. Surv Ophthalmol. 1986;31(3):145–58.CrossRef

44.

Wilkin J, Dahl M, Detmar M, Drake L, Feinstein A, Odom R, et al. Standard classification of rosacea: report of the National Rosacea Society Expert Committee on the Classification and Staging of Rosacea. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;46(4):584–7.CrossRef

45.

Gallo RL, Granstein RD, Kang S, Mannis M, Steinhoff M, Tan J, et al. Standard classification and pathophysiology of rosacea: the 2017 update by the National Rosacea Society Expert Committee. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018;78(1):148–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2017.08.037.CrossRefPubMed

46.

Quarterman MJ, Johnson DW, Abele DC, Lesher JL Jr., Hull DS, Davis LS. Ocular rosacea. Signs, symptoms, and tear studies before and after treatment with doxycycline. Arch Dermatol. 1997;133(1):49–54.

47.

Oltz M, Check J. Rosacea and its ocular manifestations. Optometry. 2011;82(2):92–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optm.2010.01.015.CrossRefPubMed

48.

Gupta AK, Chaudhry MM. Rosacea and its management: an overview. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2005;19(3):273–85. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2005.01216.x.CrossRefPubMed

49.

Korb DR, Blackie CA. Meibomian gland therapeutic expression: quantifying the applied pressure and the limitation of resulting pain. Eye Contact Lens. 2011;37(5):298–301. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICL.0b013e31821bc7c5.CrossRefPubMed

50.

Greiner JV. A single LipiFlow(R) thermal pulsation system treatment improves meibomian gland function and reduces dry eye symptoms for 9 months. Curr Eye Res. 2012;37(4):272–8. https://doi.org/10.3109/02713683.2011.631721.CrossRefPubMed

51.

Murphy O, O'Dwyer V, Lloyd-McKernan A. The efficacy of tea tree face wash, 1, 2-Octanediol and microblepharoexfoliation in treating Demodex folliculorum blepharitis. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2018;41(1):77–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clae.2017.10.012.CrossRefPubMed

52.

Arman A, Demirseren DD, Takmaz T. Treatment of ocular rosacea: comparative study of topical cyclosporine and oral doxycycline. Int J Ophthalmol. 2015;8(3):544–9. https://doi.org/10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2015.03.19.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

53.

Odom R, Dahl M, Dover J, Draelos Z, Drake L, Macsai M, et al. Standard management options for rosacea, part 2: options according to subtype. Cutis. 2009;84(2):97–104.PubMed

54.

Federici TJ. The non-antibiotic properties of tetracyclines: clinical potential in ophthalmic disease. Pharmacol Res. 2011;64(6):614–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2011.06.013.CrossRefPubMed

55.

Sobrin L, Liu Z, Monroy DC, Solomon A, Selzer MG, Lokeshwar BL, et al. Regulation of MMP-9 activity in human tear fluid and corneal epithelial culture supernatant. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41(7):1703–9.PubMed

56.

Maatta M, Kari O, Tervahartiala T, Peltonen S, Kari M, Saari M, et al. Tear fluid levels of MMP-8 are elevated in ocular rosacea–treatment effect of oral doxycycline. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2006;244(8):957–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-005-0212-3.CrossRefPubMed

57.

Sobolewska B, Doycheva D, Deuter C, Pfeffer I, Schaller M, Zierhut M. Treatment of ocular rosacea with once-daily low-dose doxycycline. Cornea. 2014;33(3):257–60. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICO.0000000000000051.CrossRefPubMed

58.

Valentin S, Morales A, Sanchez JL, Rivera A. Safety and efficacy of doxycycline in the treatment of rosacea. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2009;2:129–40.PubMedPubMedCentral

59.

Greene JB, Jeng BH, Fintelmann RE, Margolis TP. Oral azithromycin for the treatment of meibomitis. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2014;132(1):121–2. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.5295.CrossRefPubMed

60.

Papageorgiou P, Clayton W, Norwood S, Chopra S, Rustin M. Treatment of rosacea with intense pulsed light: significant improvement and long-lasting results. Br J Dermatol. 2008;159(3):628–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08702.x.CrossRefPubMed

61.

Vora GK, Gupta PK. Intense pulsed light therapy for the treatment of evaporative dry eye disease. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2015;26(4):314–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICU.0000000000000166.CrossRefPubMed

62.

Liu Y, Chen D, Chen X, Kam WR, Hatton MP, Sullivan DA. Hypoxia: a breath of fresh air for the meibomian gland. Ocul Surf. 2019;17(2):310–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtos.2018.12.001.CrossRefPubMed

63.

Prieto VG, Sadick NS, Lloreta J, Nicholson J, Shea CR. Effects of intense pulsed light on sun-damaged human skin, routine, and ultrastructural analysis. Lasers Surg Med. 2002;30(2):82–5.CrossRef

64.

Seo KY, Kang SM, Ha DY, Chin HS, Jung JW. Long-term effects of intense pulsed light treatment on the ocular surface in patients with rosacea-associated meibomian gland dysfunction. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2018;41(5):430–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clae.2018.06.002.CrossRefPubMed

65.

Arita R, Fukuoka S, Morishige N. Therapeutic efficacy of intense pulsed light in patients with refractory meibomian gland dysfunction. Ocul Surf. 2019;17(1):104–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtos.2018.11.004.CrossRefPubMed

66.

Babilas P, Schreml S, Szeimies RM, Landthaler M. Intense pulsed light (IPL): a review. Lasers Surg Med. 2010;42(2):93–104. https://doi.org/10.1002/lsm.20877.CrossRefPubMed

67.

Luo X, Li J, Chen C, Tseng S, Liang L. Ocular demodicosis as a potential cause of ocular surface inflammation. Cornea. 2017;36(Suppl 1):S9–S14. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICO.0000000000001361.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

68.

Lacey N, Kavanagh K, Tseng SC. Under the lash: demodex mites in human diseases. Biochem (Lond). 2009;31(4):2–6.

69.

Zeytun E, Karakurt Y. Prevalence and Load of Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis (Acari: Demodicidae) in patients with chronic blepharitis in the province of erzincan. Turk J Med Entomol. 2019;56(1):2–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjy143.CrossRef

70.

Rather PA, Hassan I. Human demodex mite: the versatile mite of dermatological importance. Indian J Dermatol. 2014;59(1):60–6. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154.123498.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

71.

Kim JT, Lee SH, Chun YS, Kim JC. Tear cytokines and chemokines in patients with Demodex blepharitis. Cytokine. 2011;53(1):94–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2010.08.009.CrossRefPubMed

72.

Fromstein SR, Harthan JS, Patel J, Opitz DL. Demodex blepharitis: clinical perspectives. Clin Optom (Auckl). 2018;10:57–63. https://doi.org/10.2147/OPTO.S142708.CrossRef

73.

Nicholls SG, Oakley CL, Tan A, Vote BJ. Demodex species in human ocular disease: new clinicopathological aspects. Int Ophthalmol. 2017;37(1):303–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-016-0249-9.CrossRefPubMed

74.

Biernat MM, Rusiecka-Ziolkowska J, Piatkowska E, Helemejko I, Biernat P, Gosciniak G. Occurrence of Demodex species in patients with blepharitis and in healthy individuals: a 10-year observational study. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2018;62(6):628–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10384-018-0624-3.CrossRefPubMed

75.

Gao YY, Di Pascuale MA, Elizondo A, Tseng SC. Clinical treatment of ocular demodecosis by lid scrub with tea tree oil. Cornea. 2007;26(2):136–43. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ico.0000244870.62384.79.CrossRefPubMed

76.

Koo H, Kim TH, Kim KW, Wee SW, Chun YS, Kim JC. Ocular surface discomfort and Demodex: effect of tea tree oil eyelid scrub in Demodex blepharitis. J Korean Med Sci. 2012;27(12):1574–9. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2012.27.12.1574.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

77.

Navel V, Mulliez A, Benoist d'Azy C, Baker JS, Malecaze J, Chiambaretta F, et al. Efficacy of treatments for Demodex blepharitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ocul Surf. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtos.2019.06.004.CrossRefPubMed

78.

Li DQ, Meller D, Liu Y, Tseng SC. Overexpression of MMP-1 and MMP-3 by cultured conjunctivochalasis fibroblasts. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41(2):404–10.PubMed

79.

Meller D, Li DQ, Tseng SC. Regulation of collagenase, stromelysin, and gelatinase B in human conjunctival and conjunctivochalasis fibroblasts by interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41(10):2922–9.PubMed

80.

Meller D, Tseng SC. Conjunctivochalasis: literature review and possible pathophysiology. Surv Ophthalmol. 1998;43(3):225–32.CrossRef

81.

Berry M, Pult H, Purslow C, Murphy PJ. Mucins and ocular signs in symptomatic and asymptomatic contact lens wear. Optom Vis Sci. 2008;85(10):E930–E938938. https://doi.org/10.1097/OPX.0b013e318188896b.CrossRefPubMed

82.

Pult H, Riede-Pult BH. Impact of conjunctival folds on central tear meniscus height. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015;56(3):1459–66. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.14-15908.CrossRefPubMed

83.

Chhadva P, Alexander A, McClellan AL, McManus KT, Seiden B, Galor A. The impact of conjunctivochalasis on dry eye symptoms and signs. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015;56(5):2867–71. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.14-16337.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

84.

Mimura T, Yamagami S, Usui T, Funatsu H, Mimura Y, Noma H, et al. Changes of conjunctivochalasis with age in a hospital-based study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2009;147(1):171–7 e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2008.07.010.CrossRefPubMed

85.

Balci O. Clinical characteristics of patients with conjunctivochalasis. Clin Ophthalmol. 2014;8:1655–60. https://doi.org/10.2147/OPTH.S61851.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

86.

Nakasato S, Uemoto R, Mizuki N. Thermocautery for inferior conjunctivochalasis. Cornea. 2012;31(5):514–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICO.0b013e3181dc81d2.CrossRefPubMed

87.

Zhang XR, Zhang ZY, Hoffman MR. Electrocoagulative surgical procedure for treatment of conjunctivochalasis. Int Surg. 2012;97(1):90–3. https://doi.org/10.9738/CC59.1.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

88.

Malozhen SA, Trufanov SV, Krakhmaleva DA. Pterygium: etiology, pathogenesis, treatment. Vestn Oftalmol. 2017;133(5):76–83. https://doi.org/10.17116/oftalma2017133576-83.CrossRefPubMed

89.

Rezvan F, Khabazkhoob M, Hooshmand E, Yekta A, Saatchi M, Hashemi H. Prevalence and risk factors of pterygium: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Surv Ophthalmol. 2018;63(5):719–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.survophthal.2018.03.001.CrossRefPubMed

90.

Young AL, Cao D, Chu WK, Ng TK, Yip YWY, Jhanji V, et al. The evolving story of pterygium. Cornea. 2018;37(Suppl 1):S55–S57. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICO.0000000000001744.CrossRefPubMed

91.

Graue-Hernandez EO, Cordoba A, Jimenez-Corona A, Ramirez-Miranda A, Navas A, Serna-Ojeda JC, et al. practice patterns in the management of primary pterygium: a survey study. Cornea. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICO.0000000000002091.CrossRefPubMed

92.

Oellers P, Karp CL, Sheth A, Kao AA, Abdelaziz A, Matthews JL, et al. Prevalence, treatment, and outcomes of coexistent ocular surface squamous neoplasia and pterygium. Ophthalmology. 2013;120(3):445–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.08.010.CrossRefPubMed

93.

Frucht-Pery J, Siganos CS, Solomon A, Shvartzenberg T, Richard C, Trinquand C. Topical indomethacin solution versus dexamethasone solution for treatment of inflamed pterygium and pinguecula: a prospective randomised clinical study. Am J Ophthalmol. 1999;127(2):148–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9394(98)00327-4.CrossRefPubMed

94.

Teng CC, Patel NN, Jacobson L. Effect of subconjunctival bevacizumab on primary pterygium. Cornea. 2009;28(4):468–70. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICO.0b013e31818d382d.CrossRefPubMed

95.

Qian LJ, Zhou GZ, Zhu SN, Sheng LL, Shen XF, Chen XH. Effect on the pain and tear film stability in patients after pterygium excision treated with intradermal needling. Zhongguo Zhen Jiu. 2019;39(3):267–70. https://doi.org/10.13703/j.0255-2930.2019.03.012.CrossRefPubMed

96.

Bron AJ, de Paiva CS, Chauhan SK, Bonini S, Gabison EE, Jain S, et al. TFOS DEWS II pathophysiology report. Ocul Surf. 2017;15(3):438–510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtos.2017.05.011.CrossRefPubMed

97.

Nelson JD. Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis (SLK). Eye (Lond). 1989;3(Pt 2):180–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/eye.1989.26.CrossRef

98.

Theodore FH. Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis. Eye Ear Nose Throat Mon. 1963;42:25–8.PubMed

99.

Yokoi N. Tear dynamics and dry eye. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi. 2004;108(5):275–6.PubMed

100.

Sharma A. Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis causing chronic ocular irritation in a child. J AAPOS. 2013;17(3):338–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaapos.2013.02.007.CrossRefPubMed

101.

Mendoza-Adam GR-GA. Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis (SLK) and its association to systemic diseases. Rev Mex Oft. 2013;87(2):93–9.

102.

Goto E, Shimmura S, Shimazaki J, Tsubota K. Treatment of superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis by application of autologous serum. Cornea. 2001;20(8):807–10.CrossRef

103.

Tsubota K, Goto E, Fujita H, Ono M, Inoue H, Saito I, et al. Treatment of dry eye by autologous serum application in Sjogren's syndrome. Br J Ophthalmol. 1999;83(4):390–5. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.83.4.390.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

104.

Shen YC, Wang CY, Tsai HY, Lee YF. Supratarsal triamcinolone injection in the treatment of superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis. Cornea. 2007;26(4):423–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICO.0b013e318030d230.CrossRefPubMed

105.

Sun YC, Hsiao CH, Chen WL, Wang IJ, Hou YC, Hu FR. Conjunctival resection combined with tenon layer excision and the involvement of mast cells in superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2008;145(3):445–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2007.10.025.CrossRefPubMed

106.

Jadhav S, Jadhav A, Thopte S, Marathe S, Vhathakar P, Chivte P, et al. Sjogren's Syndrome: a case study. J Int Oral Health. 2015;7(3):72–4.PubMedPubMedCentral

107.

Belmonte C, Acosta MC, Merayo-Lloves J, Gallar J. What causes eye pain? Curr Ophthalmol Rep. 2015;3(2):111–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40135-015-0073-9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

108.

Begley CG, Chalmers RL, Abetz L, Venkataraman K, Mertzanis P, Caffery BA, et al. The relationship between habitual patient-reported symptoms and clinical signs among patients with dry eye of varying severity. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003;44(11):4753–61.CrossRef

109.

Shiboski CH, Shiboski SC, Seror R, Criswell LA, Labetoulle M, Lietman TM, et al. 2016 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism classification criteria for primary Sjogren's syndrome: a consensus and data-driven methodology involving three international patient cohorts. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76(1):9–16. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-210571.CrossRefPubMed

110.

Quartuccio L, Baldini C, Bartoloni E, Priori R, Carubbi F, Corazza L, et al. Anti-SSA/SSB-negative Sjogren's syndrome shows a lower prevalence of lymphoproliferative manifestations, and a lower risk of lymphoma evolution. Autoimmun Rev. 2015;14(11):1019–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2015.07.002.CrossRefPubMed

111.

Beckman KA. Detection of early markers for Sjogren syndrome in dry eye patients. Cornea. 2014;33(12):1262–4. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICO.0000000000000278.CrossRefPubMed

112.

Senchyna M, Wax MB. Quantitative assessment of tear production: A review of methods and utility in dry eye drug discovery. J Ocul Biol Dis Infor. 2008;1(1):1–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12177-008-9006-2.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

113.

Zeev MS, Miller DD, Latkany R. Diagnosis of dry eye disease and emerging technologies. Clin Ophthalmol. 2014;8:581–90. https://doi.org/10.2147/OPTH.S45444.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

114.

Messmer EM, von Lindenfels V, Garbe A, Kampik A. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 testing in dry eye disease using a commercially available point-of-care immunoassay. Ophthalmology. 2016;123(11):2300–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.07.028.CrossRefPubMed

115.

He J, Ogawa Y, Mukai S, Saijo-Ban Y, Kamoi M, Uchino M, et al. In vivo confocal microscopy evaluation of ocular surface with graft-versus-host disease-related dry eye disease. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):10720. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-10237-w.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

116.

Laflamme MY, Swieca R. A comparative study of two preservative-free tear substitutes in the management of severe dry eye. Can J Ophthalmol. 1988;23(4):174–6.PubMed

117.

Hessen M, Akpek EK. Dry eye: an inflammatory ocular disease. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2014;9(2):240–50.PubMedPubMedCentral

118.

Ong HS, Dart JK. Managing ocular surface disease: a common-sense approach. Community Eye Health. 2016;29(95):44–6.PubMedPubMedCentral

119.

Schultz C. Safety and efficacy of cyclosporine in the treatment of chronic dry eye. Ophthalmol Eye Dis. 2014;6:37–42. https://doi.org/10.4137/OED.S16067.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

120.

Sacchetti M, Mantelli F, Lambiase A, Mastropasqua A, Merlo D, Bonini S. Systematic review of randomised clinical trials on topical ciclosporin A for the treatment of dry eye disease. Br J Ophthalmol. 2014;98(8):1016–22. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-304072.CrossRefPubMed

121.

Stevenson D, Tauber J, Reis BL. Efficacy and safety of cyclosporin A ophthalmic emulsion in the treatment of moderate-to-severe dry eye disease: a dose-ranging, randomised trial. The Cyclosporin A Phase 2 Study Group. Ophthalmology. 2000;107(5):967–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0161-6420(00)00035-x.CrossRefPubMed

122.

Wirta DL, Torkildsen GL, Moreira HR, Lonsdale JD, Ciolino JB, Jentsch G, et al. A Clinical Phase II study to assess efficacy, safety, and tolerability of waterfree cyclosporine formulation for treatment of dry eye disease. Ophthalmology. 2019;126(6):792–800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.01.024.CrossRefPubMed

123.

Byun YS, Rho CR, Cho K, Choi JA, Na KS, Joo CK. Cyclosporine 0.05% ophthalmic emulsion for dry eye in Korea: a prospective, multicenter, open-label, surveillance study. Korean J Ophthalmol. 2011;25(6):369–74. https://doi.org/10.3341/kjo.2011.25.6.369.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

124.

Kino T, Hatanaka H, Miyata S, Inamura N, Nishiyama M, Yajima T, et al. FK-506, a novel immunosuppressant isolated from a Streptomyces. II. Immunosuppressive effect of FK-506 in vitro. J Antibiot (Tokyo). 1987;40(9):1256–65.CrossRef

125.

Holland EJ, Luchs J, Karpecki PM, Nichols KK, Jackson MA, Sall K, et al. Lifitegrast for the treatment of dry eye disease: results of a Phase III, randomised, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial (OPUS-3). Ophthalmology. 2017;124(1):53–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.09.025.CrossRefPubMed

126.

Anitua E, Muruzabal F, Tayebba A, Riestra A, Perez VL, Merayo-Lloves J, et al. Autologous serum and plasma rich in growth factors in ophthalmology: preclinical and clinical studies. Acta Ophthalmol. 2015;93(8):e605–e614614. https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.12710.CrossRefPubMed

127.

Sacchetti M, Lambiase A. Neurotrophic factors and corneal nerve regeneration. Neural Regen Res. 2017;12(8):1220–4. https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.213534.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

128.

Kojima T, Higuchi A, Goto E, Matsumoto Y, Dogru M, Tsubota K. Autologous serum eye drops for the treatment of dry eye diseases. Cornea. 2008;27(Suppl 1):S25–30. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICO.0b013e31817f3a0e.CrossRefPubMed

129.

Soleimani M, Tabatabaei SA, Mahmoudzadeh R. Use of autologous serum tears for the treatment of ocular surface disease from patients with systemic autoimmune diseases. Am J Ophthalmol. 2019;199:261–2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2018.09.041.CrossRefPubMed

130.

Hussain M, Shtein RM, Sugar A, Soong HK, Woodward MA, DeLoss K, et al. Long-term use of autologous serum 50 % eye drops for the treatment of dry eye disease. Cornea. 2014;33(12):1245–51. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICO.0000000000000271.CrossRefPubMed

131.

Kojima T, Ishida R, Dogru M, Goto E, Matsumoto Y, Kaido M, et al. The effect of autologous serum eyedrops in the treatment of severe dry eye disease: a prospective randomised case-control study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005;139(2):242–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2004.08.040.CrossRefPubMed

132.

Beylerian M, Lazaro M, Magalon J, Veran J, Darque A, Grimaud F, et al. Autologous serum tears: long-term treatment in dry eye syndrome. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2018;41(3):246–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfo.2017.11.008.CrossRefPubMed

133.

Uva L, Miguel D, Pinheiro C, Antunes J, Cruz D, Ferreira J, et al. Mechanisms of action of topical corticosteroids in psoriasis. Int J Endocrinol. 2012;2012:561018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/561018.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

134.

Marsh P, Pflugfelder SC. Topical nonpreserved methylprednisolone therapy for keratoconjunctivitis sicca in Sjogren syndrome. Ophthalmology. 1999;106(4):811–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0161-6420(99)90171-9.CrossRefPubMed

135.

Hori Y, Kageyama T, Sakamoto A, Shiba T, Nakamura M, Maeno T. Comparison of short-term effects of diquafosol and rebamipide on Mucin 5AC level on the rabbit ocular surface. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2017;33(6):493–7. https://doi.org/10.1089/jop.2016.0092.CrossRefPubMed

136.

Sabeti S, Kheirkhah A, Yin J, Dana R. Management of meibomian gland dysfunction: a review. Surv Ophthalmol. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.survophthal.2019.08.007.CrossRefPubMed

137.

Backman H, Haghighat F. Indoor-air quality and ocular discomfort. J Am Optom Assoc. 1999;70(5):309–16.PubMed

138.

Abusharha AA, Pearce EI. The effect of low humidity on the human tear film. Cornea. 2013;32(4):429–34. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICO.0b013e31826671ab.CrossRefPubMed

139.

Abusharha AA, Pearce EI, Fagehi R. Effect of ambient temperature on the human tear film. Eye Contact Lens. 2016;42(5):308–12. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICL.0000000000000210.CrossRefPubMed

140.

Hwang SH, Choi YH, Paik HJ, Wee WR, Kim MK, Kim DH. Potential importance of ozone in the association between outdoor air pollution and dry eye disease in South Korea. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2016;134(5):503–10. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2016.0139.CrossRefPubMed

141.

McCulley JP, Aronowicz JD, Uchiyama E, Shine WE, Butovich IA. Correlations in a change in aqueous tear evaporation with a change in relative humidity and the impact. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;141(4):758–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2005.10.057.CrossRefPubMed

142.

Butovich IA, Arciniega JC, Wojtowicz JC. Meibomian lipid films and the impact of temperature. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;51(11):5508–18. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.10-5419.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

143.

Geerling G, Baudouin C, Aragona P, Rolando M, Boboridis KG, Benitez-Del-Castillo JM, et al. Emerging strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction: proceedings of the OCEAN group meeting. Ocul Surf. 2017;15(2):179–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtos.2017.01.006.CrossRefPubMed

144.

Bron AJ. Diagnosis of dry eye. Surv Ophthalmol. 2001;45(Suppl 2):S221–S22626.CrossRef

145.

Hayirci E, Yagci A, Palamar M, Basoglu OK, Veral A. The effect of continuous positive airway pressure treatment for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome on the ocular surface. Cornea. 2012;31(6):604–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICO.0b013e31824a2040.CrossRefPubMed

146.

Hom MM, Nguyen AL, Bielory L. Allergic conjunctivitis and dry eye syndrome. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2012;108(3):163–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2012.01.006.CrossRefPubMed

147.

Korb DR, Blackie CA. Using goggles to increase periocular humidity and reduce dry eye symptoms. Eye Contact Lens. 2013;39(4):273–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICL.0b013e3182960ff9.CrossRefPubMed

148.

Jones L, Downie LE, Korb D, Benitez-Del-Castillo JM, Dana R, Deng SX, et al. TFOS DEWS II management and therapy report. Ocul Surf. 2017;15(3):575–628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtos.2017.05.006.CrossRefPubMed

149.

Skalicky SE, Goldberg I, McCluskey P. Ocular surface disease and quality of life in patients with glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 2012;153(1):1–9 e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2011.05.033.CrossRefPubMed

150.

Coroi MC, Bungau S, Tit M. Preservatives from the eye drops and the ocular surface. Rom J Ophthalmol. 2015;59(1):2–5.PubMedPubMedCentral

151.

Reiter C, Wimmer S, Schultheiss A, Klink T, Grehn F, Geerling G. Corneal epitheliopathy following trabeculectomy with postoperative adjunctive 5-fluorouracil. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd. 2010;227(11):887–91. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1245456.CrossRefPubMed

152.

Pisella PJ, Pouliquen P, Baudouin C. Prevalence of ocular symptoms and signs with preserved and preservative free glaucoma medication. Br J Ophthalmol. 2002;86(4):418–23. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.86.4.418.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

153.

Tirpack AR, Vanner E, Parrish JM, Galor A, Hua HU, Wellik SR. Dry eye symptoms and ocular pain in veterans with glaucoma. J Clin Med. 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8071076.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

154.

Giannaccare G, Pellegrini M, Sebastiani S, Moscardelli F, Versura P, Campos EC. In vivo confocal microscopy morphometric analysis of corneal subbasal nerve plexus in dry eye disease using newly developed fully automated system. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2019;257(3):583–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-018-04225-7.CrossRefPubMed

155.

Latremoliere A, Woolf CJ. Central sensitisation: a generator of pain hypersensitivity by central neural plasticity. J Pain. 2009;10(9):895–926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2009.06.012.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

156.

Michael C, Joachim S, Clifford JW. Neuropathic pain: a maladaptive response of the nervous system to damage. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2009;32(1):1–32. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.051508.135531.CrossRef

157.

Rosenthal P, Borsook D. Ocular neuropathic pain. Br J Ophthalmol. 2016;100(1):128–34. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2014-306280.CrossRefPubMed

158.

Tuominen IS, Konttinen YT, Vesaluoma MH, Moilanen JA, Helintö M, Tervo TM. Corneal innervation and morphology in primary Sjogren’s syndrome. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003;44(6):2545–9.CrossRef

159.

Farhangi M, Diel RJ, Buse DC, Huang AM, Levitt RC, Sarantopoulos CD, et al. Individuals with migraine have a different dry eye symptom profile than individuals without migraine. Br J Ophthalmol. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-313471.CrossRefPubMed

160.

Lee CJ, Felix ER, Levitt RC, Eddy C, Vanner EA, Feuer WJ, et al. Traumatic brain injury, dry eye and comorbid pain diagnoses in US veterans. Br J Ophthalmol. 2018;102(5):667–73. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-310509.CrossRefPubMed

161.

Lee CJ, Levitt RC, Felix ER, Sarantopoulos CD, Galor A. Evidence that dry eye is a comorbid pain condition in a U.S. veteran population. Pain Rep. 2017;2(6):e629. https://doi.org/10.1097/PR9.0000000000000629.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

162.

Crane AM, Levitt RC, Felix ER, Sarantopoulos KD, McClellan AL, Galor A. Patients with more severe symptoms of neuropathic ocular pain report more frequent and severe chronic overlapping pain conditions and psychiatric disease. Br J Ophthalmol. 2017;101(2):227–31. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2015-308214.CrossRefPubMed

163.

Goyal S, Hamrah P. Understanding neuropathic corneal pain-gaps and current therapeutic approaches. Semin Ophthalmol. 2016;31(1–2):59–70. https://doi.org/10.3109/08820538.2015.1114853.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

164.

Crane AM, Feuer W, Felix ER, Levitt RC, McClellan AL, Sarantopoulos KD, et al. Evidence of central sensitisation in those with dry eye symptoms and neuropathic-like ocular pain complaints: incomplete response to topical anaesthesia and generalised heightened sensitivity to evoked pain. Br J Ophthalmol. 2017;101(9):1238–43. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2016-309658.CrossRefPubMed

165.

Sivanesan E, Levitt RC, Sarantopoulos CD, Patin D, Galor A. Noninvasive electrical stimulation for the treatment of chronic ocular pain and photophobia. Neuromodulation Technol Neural Interface. 2018;21(8):727–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/ner.12742.CrossRef

166.

Ong ES, Felix ER, Levitt RC, Feuer WJ, Sarantopoulos CD, Galor A. Epidemiology of discordance between symptoms and signs of dry eye. Br J Ophthalmol. 2018;102(5):674–9. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-310633.CrossRefPubMed

167.

Farhangi M, Feuer W, Galor A, Bouhassira D, Levitt RC, Sarantopoulos CD, et al. Modification of the Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory for use in eye pain (NPSI-Eye). Pain. 2019;160(7):1541–50. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001552.CrossRefPubMed

168.

Qazi Y, Hurwitz S, Khan S, Jurkunas UV, Dana R, Hamrah P. Validity and Reliability of a Novel Ocular Pain Assessment Survey (OPAS) in quantifying and monitoring corneal and ocular surface pain. Ophthalmology. 2016;123(7):1458–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.03.006.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

169.

Spierer O, Felix ER, McClellan AL, Parel JM, Gonzalez A, Feuer WJ, et al. Corneal mechanical thresholds negatively associate with dry eye and ocular pain symptoms. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2016;57(2):617–25. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.15-18133.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

170.

Aggarwal S, Kheirkhah A, Cavalcanti BM, Cruzat A, Colon C, Brown E, et al. Autologous serum tears for treatment of photoallodynia in patients with corneal neuropathy: efficacy and evaluation with in vivo confocal microscopy. Ocul Surf. 2015;13(3):250–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtos.2015.01.005.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

171.

Galor A, Moein H-R, Lee C, Rodriguez A, Felix ER, Sarantopoulos KD, et al. Neuropathic pain and dry eye. Ocular Surf. 2018;16(1):31–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtos.2017.10.001.CrossRef

172.

Joo MJ, Yuhan KR, Hyon JY, Lai H, Hose S, Sinha D, et al. The effect of nerve growth factor on corneal sensitivity after laser in situ keratomileusis. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004;122(9):1338–411. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.122.9.1338.CrossRefPubMed

173.

Morkin MI, Hamrah P. Efficacy of self-retained cryopreserved amniotic membrane for treatment of neuropathic corneal pain. Ocular Surf. 2018;16(1):132–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtos.2017.10.003.CrossRef

174.

Stason WB, Razavi M, Jacobs DS, Shepard DS, Suaya JA, Johns L, et al. Clinical benefits of the boston ocular surface prosthesis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2010;149(1):54–61.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2009.07.037.CrossRefPubMed

175.

Gervasio KA, Godfrey KJ, Marlow ED, Lee MN, Lelli GJ Jr. Prosthetic REPLACEMENT of the ocular surface ecosystem (PROSE) versus standard of care for postsurgical lagophthalmos and exposure keratopathy: trends in visual outcomes. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1097/IOP.0000000000001233.CrossRef

176.

Harthan JS, Shorter E. Therapeutic uses of scleral contact lenses for ocular surface disease: patient selection and special considerations. Clin Optometry. 2018;10:65–74. https://doi.org/10.2147/OPTO.S144357.CrossRef

177.

Romero-Rangel T, Stavrou P, Cotter J, Rosenthal P, Baltatzis S, Foster CS. Gas-permeable scleral contact lens therapy in ocular surface disease. Am J Ophthalmol. 2000;130(1):25–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9394(00)00378-0.CrossRefPubMed

178.

Theophanous C, Jacobs DS, Hamrah P. Corneal neuralgia after LASIK. Optom Vis Sci. 2015;92(9):e233–e240240. https://doi.org/10.1097/OPX.0000000000000652.CrossRefPubMed

179.

Jensen TS, Madsen CS, Finnerup NB. Pharmacology and treatment of neuropathic pains. Curr Opin Neurol. 2009;22(5):467–74. https://doi.org/10.1097/WCO.0b013e3283311e13.CrossRefPubMed

180.

Attal N, Cruccu G, Haanpaa M, Hansson P, Jensen TS, Nurmikko T, et al. EFNS guidelines on pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain. Eur J Neurol. 2006;13(11):1153–69. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01511.x.CrossRefPubMed

181.

Galor A, Moein HR, Lee C, Rodriguez A, Felix ER, Sarantopoulos KD, et al. Neuropathic pain and dry eye. Ocul Surf. 2018;16(1):31–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtos.2017.10.001.CrossRefPubMed

182.

Alkan H, Ardic F, Erdogan C, Sahin F, Sarsan A, Findikoglu G. Turkish version of the painDETECT questionnaire in the assessment of neuropathic pain: a validity and reliability study. Pain Med. 2013;14(12):1933–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/pme.12222.CrossRefPubMed

183.

Ongun N, Ongun GT. Is gabapentin effective in dry eye disease and neuropathic ocular pain? Acta Neurol Belg. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13760-019-01156-w.CrossRefPubMed

184.

Small LR, Galor A, Felix ER, Horn DB, Levitt RC, Sarantopoulos CD. Oral gabapentinoids and nerve blocks for the treatment of chronic ocular pain. Eye Contact Lens. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICL.0000000000000630.CrossRefPubMed

185.

Hayashida K, Eisenach JC. Multiplicative interactions to enhance gabapentin to treat neuropathic pain. Eur J Pharmacol. 2008;598(1–3):21–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.09.004.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

186.

Baron R, Binder A, Wasner G. Neuropathic pain: diagnosis, pathophysiological mechanisms, and treatment. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9(8):807–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(10)70143-5.CrossRefPubMed

187.

Knadler MP, Lobo E, Chappell J, Bergstrom R. Duloxetine: clinical pharmacokinetics and drug interactions. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2011;50(5):281–94. https://doi.org/10.2165/11539240-000000000-00000.CrossRefPubMed

188.

Bates D, Schultheis BC, Hanes MC, Jolly SM, Chakravarthy KV, Deer TR, et al. A comprehensive algorithm for management of neuropathic pain. Pain Med. 2019;20(Suppl 1):S2–S12. https://doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnz075.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

189.

Duehmke RM, Derry S, Wiffen PJ, Bell RF, Aldington D, Moore RA. Tramadol for neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;6:CD003726. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003726.pub4.CrossRefPubMed

190.

Attal N, Cruccu G, Baron R, Haanpaa M, Hansson P, Jensen TS, et al. EFNS guidelines on the pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain: 2010 revision. Eur J Neurol. 2010;17(9):1113–e88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.02999.x.CrossRefPubMed

191.

Max MB. Treatment of post-herpetic neuralgia: antidepressants. Ann Neurol. 1994;35(S1):S50–S3.CrossRef

192.

Derry S, Wiffen PJ, Aldington D, Moore RA. Nortriptyline for neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;1(1):11209. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011209.pub2.CrossRef

193.

Watson CP, Evans RJ, Reed K, Merskey H, Goldsmith L, Warsh J. Amitriptyline versus placebo in postherpetic neuralgia. Neurology. 1982;32(6):671–3. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.32.6.671.CrossRefPubMed

194.

Graff-Radford SB, Shaw LR, Naliboff BN. Amitriptyline and fluphenazine in the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia. Clin J Pain. 2000;16(3):188–92.CrossRef

195.

Watson CP, Vernich L, Chipman M, Reed K. Nortriptyline versus amitriptyline in postherpetic neuralgia: a randomised trial. Neurology. 1998;51(4):1166–71. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.51.4.1166.CrossRefPubMed

196.

Hansson P, Ekblom A. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) as compared to placebo TENS for the relief of acute oro-facial pain. Pain. 1983;15(1–4):157–65.CrossRef

197.

Johnson MD, Burchiel KJ. Peripheral stimulation for treatment of trigeminal postherpetic neuralgia and trigeminal posttraumatic neuropathic pain: a pilot study. Neurosurgery. 2004;55(1):135–42.CrossRef

198.

Ainsworth L, Budelier K, Clinesmith M, Fiedler A, Landstrom R, Leeper BJ, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) reduces chronic hyperalgesia induced by muscle inflammation. Pain. 2006;120(1–2):182–7.CrossRef

199.

Melzack R, Wall PD. Pain mechanisms: a new theory. Science. 1965;150(3699):971–9.CrossRef

200.

Tabeeva GR. Neurostimulation of the supraorbital nerve with the Cefaly device - a new method for the treatment of migraine. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 2019;119(3):133–40. https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro2019119031133.CrossRefPubMed

201.

Wheeler A, Smith HS. Botulinum toxins: mechanisms of action, antinociception and clinical applications. Toxicology. 2013;306:124–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2013.02.006.CrossRefPubMed

202.

Blumenfeld A, Silberstein SD, Dodick DW, Aurora SK, Turkel CC, Binder WJ. Method of injection of onabotulinumtoxinA for chronic migraine: a safe, well-tolerated, and effective treatment paradigm based on the PREEMPT clinical program. Headache. 2010;50(9):1406–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4610.2010.01766.x.CrossRefPubMed

203.

Başar E, Arıcı C. Use of Botulinum Neurotoxin in Ophthalmology. Turk J Ophthalmol. 2016;46(6):282–90. https://doi.org/10.4274/tjo.57701.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

204.

Diel RJ, Kroeger ZA, Levitt RC, Sarantopoulos C, Sered H, Martinez-Barrizonte J, et al. Botulinum Toxin A for the treatment of photophobia and dry eye. Ophthalmology. 2018;125(1):139–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.09.031.CrossRefPubMed

205.

Diel RJ, Hwang J, Kroeger ZA, Levitt RC, Sarantopoulos CD, Sered H, et al. Photophobia and sensations of dryness in patients with migraine occur independent of baseline tear volume and improve following botulinum toxin A injections. Br J Ophthalmol. 2019;103(8):1024–9. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-312649.CrossRefPubMed

206.

Venkateswaran NJH, Rong AJ, Levitt AE, Diel RJ, Levitt RC, Sarantopoulos K, Lee WW, Galor A. Onabotulinum toxin A improves photophobia and sensations of dryness independent of ocular surface parameters in patients with neuropathic-like dry eye without a history of migraine. [Poster Presentation]. 2019 (in press).

207.

Duerr ER, Chang A, Venkateswaran N, Goldhardt R, Levitt RC, Gregori NZ, et al. Resolution of pain with periocular injections in a patient with a 7-year history of chronic ocular pain. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep. 2019;14:35–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajoc.2019.02.001.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

208.

Sayegh RR, Sweet JA, Miller JP, Hayek SM. Electrical stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion and intrathecal drug delivery systems for the management of corneal neuropathic pain. Cornea. 2016;35(4):576–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICO.0000000000000751.CrossRefPubMed

209.

Hayek SM, Sweet JA, Miller JP, Sayegh RR. Successful management of corneal neuropathic pain with intrathecal targeted drug delivery. Pain Med. 2016;17(7):1302–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnv058.CrossRefPubMed

210.

Patel S, Felix ER, Levitt RC, Sarantopoulos CD, Galor A. Dysfunctional Coping Mechanisms Contribute to Dry Eye Symptoms. J Clin Med. 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8060901.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

211.

Zilliox LA. Neuropathic Pain. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2017;23(2, selected topics in outpatient neurology):512–32. https://doi.org/10.1212/CON.0000000000000462.CrossRefPubMed

Live-Webinar "Urologie und Sexualmedizin in der Praxis"

Springer Medizin

A Review of Management Strategies for Nociceptive and Neuropathic Ocular Surface Pain

Abstract

Live-Webinar "Urologie und Sexualmedizin in der Praxis"

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 6/2020

Targeted Treatment for Erythrodermic Psoriasis: Rationale and Recent Advances

Advances in Long-Acting Agents for the Treatment of HIV Infection

Delgocitinib: First Approval

Remimazolam: First Approval

Tislelizumab: First Approval

Potential for Harm Associated with Discharge Opioids After Hospital Stay: A Systematic Review