Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating inflammatory autoimmune disorder characterized by continuous and diffuse changes in the white and grey matter, and damage to axons [ 1 ]. Despite recent advancements in disease-modifying therapies …

A common issue known as osteoporosis is characterized by porous bone, decreased strength, low bone density, and inappropriate bone mass [ 1 ]. An osteoporotic fracture occurs every 3 s worldwide, which estimated that this illness causes more than …

At present, along with accelerated “aging” process, the prevalence of various diseases associated with the elderly is on the increase, among which osteosarcopenia has caught the attention of society. Binkley et al . [ 1 ] first proposed the concept …

As an emerging and severe complication of type 2 diabetes (T2DM), osteoporosis significantly increases the risk of fractures, profoundly impacting physical activity and overall health in individuals with T2DM [ 1 , 2 ]. This poses a substantial …

In recent years, with the advancement of aerospace technology, astronauts and pilots in the aviation field have often had to endure the effects of gravity environments different from normal (usually expressed in terms of G values). Among these …

Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by low bone mass, deterioration of bone tissue microarchitecture, disruption of bone architecture, an increase in bone fragility, and an increased fracture risk [ 1 ]. Fragility fractures …

Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP) is a prevalent condition that arises from prolonged or high-dose glucocorticoid (GC) therapy [ 1 , 2 ]. Characterized by increased serum free fatty acids, diminished bone mass, and micro-architectural …

Bone is principally made up of crystals of apatite and fibrils of collagen. The crystals are of nanometer (nm) dimensions, easily visualized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) because apatite is the only strongly electron-scattering …

Glucocorticoids regulate numerous physiologic and pathophysiological processes [ 1 , 2 ]. They have been widely used to treat chronic inflammatory diseases due to their potent anti-inflammatory effects [ 3 , 4 ]. Osteoporosis is one of the …

Osteoporosis is a chronic condition characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, adversely impacting bone strength and leading to an increased risk of fractures [ 1 ]. Fragility fractures are the clinical …

It is well known that vitamin D has a profound effect on calcium and bone metabolism, but its influence on other organs (extraskeletal effect) has been proposed. Consistently, vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increased incidence of …

Exercise has positive effects on increasing and maintaining bone mass over a lifetime [ 1 ]. However, some young athletes have been observed to have low bone mass and subsequent stress fractures [ 2 , 3 ]. Among these, low bone mass in female …

Osteosarcopenia is a condition characterized by the coexistence of osteoporosis and sarcopenia [ 1 ] and is associated with an increased risk of falls, fractures, and mortality in older populations [ 2 ]. Aging is an established risk factor for …

Patients undergoing dialysis have a higher risk of fractures than the general population [ 1 – 3 ]. Fractures in patients undergoing dialysis are associated with hospitalization and mortality [ 4 ]. Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT), a hallmark …

Positive regulators of bone formation, such as mechanical loading and PTH, stimulate and negative regulators, such as aging and glucocorticoid excess, suppress IL-11 gene transcription in osteoblastic cells. Signal transduction from mechanical …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a lifestyle-related disease that develops in middle-aged and older adults, often due to smoking habits, and has been noted to cause bone fragility. COPD is a risk factor for osteoporosis and …

The liver is a vital organ involved in nutrient metabolism, hormone regulation, immunity, cytokine production, and gut homeostasis. Impairment in liver function can result in malnutrition, chronic inflammation, decreased anabolic hormone levels …

Clinical studies revealed a relationship between osteoporosis and sarcopenia. Based on this background, crosstalk between muscle and bone has emerged as a novel research field in the past decade. Among the interactions that occur between muscle …

The RDT population, initially at 215 patients, exceeded 300,000 in 2011, with a total of 329,609 patients at the end of December 2016. In our Institute, the number of patients with destructive spondylosis is increasing with the increase in the …

Osteoporosis is one of the most common metabolic diseases of the skeletal system and is characterized by decreased bone mass, altered microstructure of bone tissue and increased bone fragility [ 1 ]. With age, postmenopausal women lose the …